护理生命科学类Essay中常见的十项文法错误
以生命科学为背景的作者经常犯的英文语法错误多种多样。由于英文并非他们的母语，这些作者经常犯错误，所以他们与英文的接触比较有限。写作是一项艰巨的任务，而语言问题往往会成为写作的障碍。对于研究者来说，写作和发布消息是非常重要的，但是 essay稿件中的语言和语法上的错误可能会导致科学期刊的退稿。根据我们的经验，在这里列出了十种生命科学 essay中常见的语法错误。下面我们将用例子来说明这些错误。
第一项：冠词
英语中的冠词有三种(a, an, the)。三个冠词可分为两类：不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)。确定正确的冠词通常很复杂。冠词和不定冠词在先区分出后，也应根据词尾的读音，而不是拼法，选出最合适的不定冠词。在列出一串单词或名词片语时，作者经常犯的一个错误是定冠词(the)在每一个单词前面重复。当需要定冠词的一长串名词片语时，只要在第一个单词前加定冠词，后面的单词就不会再加冠词。澳洲代写需要了解一下吗？
范例：
错误的用法：We focus on the parameters of the representative frequency,the composition of sounds and the sequence complexity.
正确的用法：We focus on the parameters of the representative frequency,sound composition,and sequence complexity.
错误的用法：No effects were observed on the cell growth,the cell proliferation,the cell cycle distribution,and the gene expression.
正确的用法：No effects were observed on the cell growth,cell proliferation,cell cycle distribution,and gene expression.
第二项：使用连字号
在书写时，连字号有多种作用。没有什么地方可以用到它，例如：包含数字或单位的修饰语(例如，5- g dose)、拼写完全的分数(例如，two-third part of this area)、包含现在或过去分词的复合修饰语(例如seizure-inducing drugs)，也可以用来避免字母重复所造成的视觉混乱。但是，由于不需要使用连字号，往往会导致错误的产生。列出部分错误如下：当拉丁文片语作为形容词时(如 in vitro test和 post hoc hypothesis)，就不应使用连字号。
范例：
错误的用法：A cloned gene makes it possible to synthesize the encoded protein by in-vitro transcription and translation.
正确的用法：A cloned gene makes it possible to synthesize the encoded protein by in vitro transcription and translation.
科学术语，如做为修饰语的字母，连字号只使用在当术语做为形容词片语时。
范例：
错误的用法：The majority of T-cells bear the T-cell receptor(TCR)which recognizes foreign antigen peptides.
正确的用法：The majority of T cells bear the T-cell receptor(TCR)which recognizes foreign antigen peptides.
第三项：时态
时态在语法上用来表示时间，通常用动词的特定形式。谓词时要保持一致。时序不一致是一个常见的错误。
范例：
错误的用法：The burst pulses were separated when the density of peaks is higher than 0.4.
正确的用法：The burst pulses were separated when the density of peaks was higher than 0.4.
错误的用法：We mapped the 3-kb transcript of the locus and had determined that it contains four exons and two introns.
正确的用法：We mapped the3-kb transcript of the locus and determined that it contains four exons and two introns.
第四项：平行结构
并联结构是指两个或多个概念用同一词型来表示同样重要。这个结构可以用在单字，片语，或者从句中组成，通常是连接词“and”或“or”。它是研究人员常见的一种错误。并列结构中，名词要搭配名词、介系词片配介系词片语、分词配分词、不定词配不定词、以及子句配子句。
范例：
错误的用法：The sbcC gene was cloned,mapped,and sequencing was performed.
正确的用法：The sbcC gene was mapped,cloned,and sequenced.
错误的用法：We investigated the effects of the drug on cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution and gene expression was profiled.
正确的用法：We investigated the effects of the drug on cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution and performed gene expression profiling.
第五项：主词动词不一致
英语的动词应该总是和主词保持一致。另一个研究者常犯的错误是主词动词不一致。当主词是单数时，动词也要有单数形式；主词是复数，动词也要有复数。
范例：
错误的用法：The foraging probability of fishes can be elevated when the deep scattering layer rise to the surface water.
正确的用法：The foraging probability of fishes can be elevated when the deep scattering layer rises to the surface water.
The verb(rises)should agree with the subject(singular:the deep scattering layer).
错误的用法：Three groups were separated when the resources in the same group is from the same origin.
正确的用法：Three groups were separated when the resources in the same group were from the same origin.
第六项：负向转移
相反的意思是在同一个句子里用两个否定词来表示对比。举例来说，作者常常用 although… but来配对。因为这两个词的意思相同，所以不能在句中同时出现，否则就会形成赘字。
范例：
错误的用法：Although VDAC1 is ubiquitinated following mitochondrial depolarization,but VDAC2 is not ubiquitinated.
正确的用法：Although VDAC1 is ubiquitinated following mitochondrial depolarization,VDAC2 is not.
错误的用法：Because human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)type 1 infection is efficiently transmitted by sexual intercourse,so the sexual behaviors of some individuals have placed them at high risk for infection.
正确的用法：Because human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)type 1 infection is efficiently transmitted by sexual intercourse,the sexual behaviors of some individuals have placed them at high risk for infection.
第七项：撇号
撇号是标点。它还可以用在一些拉丁或其它字母的语言中作为变音符号。其英文功能主要有三种：标记省略一个或多个字母、标记所有格、标记事物的复数形式。
许多人会将无生命的受词套用所有格，应该避免这种用法。
范例：
错误的用法：The coordinated gene’s expression networks in numerous physiological,developmental,and metabolic processes.
正确的用法：The coordinated expression of gene networks in numerous physiological,developmental,and metabolic processes.
医学人名名词后的所有格应该一律删除。
范例：
错误的用法：Klinefilter’s syndrome is the most common genetic cause of male infertility.
正确的用法：Klinefilter syndrome is the most common genetic cause of male infertility
第八项：介系词
介系词表示名词或代名词，与句子中其它字或部分的关系。英文 preposition (preposition，置于前面)源自于它通常位于名词或代名词之前。不恰当的使用通常会导致句意的改变。
范例：
错误的用法：The consensus amino acid sequence for phosphorylation by cyclin Cdk4 is different than that for phosphorylation by cyclin Cdk2.
正确的用法：The consensus amino acid sequence for phosphorylation by cyclin Cdk4 is different from that for phosphorylation by cyclin Cdk2.
错误的用法：The histological changes into lung biopsies induced after 30 weeks of therapy.
正确的用法：The histological changes in lung biopsies induced after 30 weeks of therapy
第九项：逗号连句
逗号的作用是连结句中的意思。不过，一般人认为逗号是用在需要停顿的地方。这样做并不完全错误，但是可能错加了一些逗号，从而造成混乱。
在两个完整想法(完整句或子句)之间误加逗号就会产生逗号连句，而逗号连句将产生「连写句run-on sentence」。
范例：
错误的用法：They are the top predators of the marine ecosystem,using a wide range of habitat to obtain sufficient food resources.
正确的用法：They are the top predators of the marine ecosystem that use a wide range of habitat to obtain sufficient food resources.
错误的用法：The long-duration recording facilitates the examination,of the occurrence patterns of fishes.
正确的用法：The long-duration recording facilitates the examination of the occurrence patterns of fishes.
第十项：名词复数化
名词复数化也是一个很常见的文法错误。在名词后面加上「s」或「es」即可将名词变成复数。第一种错误是多此一举，将「当形容词用的名词」变成复数。
范例：
错误的用法：Nine-weeks-old albino normal(non-cancerous)mice belong to the strain Mus musculus.
正确的用法：Nine-week-old albino normal(non-cancerous)mice belong to the strain Mus musculus.
一般而言，即便当形容词用的名词修饰复数名词，它本身并不需加复数(但有部分例外)。
第二种错误是复数化某些常见的不可数名词，而这些名词并没有复数形(例如research和evidence)。
范例：
错误的用法：Examination of lacY and lacZ expressions in homozygotes to reveal their functions.
正确的用法：Examination of lacY and lacZ expression in homozygotes to reveal their functions.
“表达 expression”在科学写作中，尤其是指称基因或蛋白质表达时，可以用来表示单数或复数。要强调这个词是复数形式，可以使用“表达级别 expression levels”或其它类似的片语。在其他非技术领域，表达是一个可数名词。